German Steel
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 WW2 German M40 steel helmet $375.00 Time Remaining: 29d 6h 7m Buy It Now for only: $375.00 |
 Very rare WW1 GERMAN SNIPER scope R FUESS 3x steel $187.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 1d 14h 1m |
 ORIGINAL german Wound badge with manufacturer DRGM on reverse WW1 steel helmet $43.00 (8 Bids) Time Remaining: 2d 14m |
 German helmet chinstrap steel buckle WEllers 1942 $17.00 Time Remaining: 27d 20h 23m Buy It Now for only: $17.00 |
 Rare GERMAN scope KAPS ZIELLUX 2 1 2 X 19 S II steel $101.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 2d 14h 6m |
 WWI German M16 helmet chinstrap steel hardware $25.00 Time Remaining: 27d 20h 23m Buy It Now for only: $25.00 |
 GERMAN scope HENSOLDT DIASTA 6 x 42 steel tube $54.99 (3 Bids) Time Remaining: 2d 13h 46m |
 WWII German M42 helmet field gray replica steel decal $60.00 Time Remaining: 24d 14h 30m Buy It Now for only: $60.00 |
 WW1 Imperial German Steel Helmet Chin Strap No Reserve $12.50 (3 Bids) Time Remaining: 4d 10h 44m |
 German WWII M35 Steel Helmet WW2 M35 M1935 $81.95 Time Remaining: 17d 5h 55m Buy It Now for only: $81.95 |
 WWI WW1 GERMAN MILITARY STEEL COMBAT HELMET HAT M16 M1916 M 1916 STAHLHELM LARGE $152.50 (2 Bids) Time Remaining: 3d 2h 35m |
 Original WWII German M35 Steel Helmet $255.00 (4 Bids) Time Remaining: 1d 9h 23m |
 German WWII 98k Mauser Steel Bayonet Scabbard K98k $66.95 Time Remaining: 24d 3h 7m Buy It Now for only: $66.95 |
 WW2 GERMAN STEEL HELMET RELIC $149.99 Time Remaining: 4h 32m |
 German WWII Mauser Rifle Steel Muzzle Cover WW2 Marked $19.95 Time Remaining: 19d 6h 47m Buy It Now for only: $19.95 |
 GERMAN WW1 ORIGINAL VERY RARE CAMO STEEL HELMET WITH IMPORTANT INSCRIPTION $800.00 (10 Bids) Time Remaining: 3d 15h 5m |
 WWII WW2 German Steel helmet soldiers Box $2.99 Time Remaining: 14d 4h 50m Buy It Now for only: $2.99 |
 Very Unusual All Steel German Military Pocket Knife E C O Solingen $26.00 (2 Bids) Time Remaining: 6d 4h 36m |
 German WWII M42 Steel Helmet Stahlhelm 42 WW2 M1942 $84.95 Time Remaining: 2d 7h 27m Buy It Now for only: $84.95 |
 German WWII M42 Steel Helmet Stahlhelm 100 Original $20.50 (6 Bids) Time Remaining: 2d 2h 35m |
 German WWII M42 Steel Helmet Stahlhelm 42 Standard Grade $74.95 Time Remaining: 22d 14h 11m Buy It Now for only: $74.95 |
 German WWI Steel Helmet Machine Gun Soldiers 1917 Photo $7.00 Time Remaining: 3d 5h 11m |
 WW1 MILITARY STEEL BRASS MINIATURE GERMAN PRUSSIAN PICKELHAUBE SPIKED HELMET $24.99 Time Remaining: 1d 11h 24m |
 Collectibles WWII German Army M40 Steel HelmetField GrayWater Decal Free $87.40 Time Remaining: 1d 18h 48m Buy It Now for only: $87.40 |
 Original Vet Bring Back WW2 German M42 Steel Helmet $245.00 Time Remaining: 4d 11h 44m |
 German belt hook steel II $9.00 Time Remaining: 15d 5m Buy It Now for only: $9.00 |
 Collectibles WWII German Army M40 Steel HelmetField GrayWater Decal Free $49.99 Time Remaining: 9h 58m |
 German helmet chinstrap studs pins steel $4.00 Time Remaining: 16d 18h 32m Buy It Now for only: $4.00 |
 Orginal WW1 WW2 GERMAN scope ZEISS ZIESECHS K 98 steel $504.00 Time Remaining: 1d 13h 46m |
 German WWII Boot Knife Steel Replacement Scabbard $23.95 Time Remaining: 14d 21h 13m Buy It Now for only: $23.95 |
 Old GERMAN scope HENSOLDT ZIELJAGD 4X K98 steel $302.00 Time Remaining: 1d 13h 56m |
 WW2 GERMAN RELIC EMPTY STEEL BOX FOR MG34 MG42 GENUINE 100 $19.99 Time Remaining: 4d 3h 30m |
 ORGINAL WWI German M17 Steel Helmet With Liner $599.99 Time Remaining: 22d 1h 29m Buy It Now for only: $599.99 |
 German scope Nickel 4x36 steel tube K98 $88.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 6d 2h 19m |
 German belt hook steel $6.00 Time Remaining: 26d 4h 43m Buy It Now for only: $6.00 |
 Finnish Army WW2 German M 40 STAHLHELM Steel Combat Helmet Finland RARE $89.99 Time Remaining: 4d 9h 11m |
 WWII GERMAN MILITARY M35 STEEL HELMET BLACK S 28175 $62.00 Time Remaining: 29d 9h 22m Buy It Now for only: $62.00 |
 RARE GERMAN scope BISCHOFF DINOX 4 X 81 steel 98K $172.00 Time Remaining: 6d 13h 52m |
 German helmet chinstrap steel buckle RB Nr I $17.00 Time Remaining: 16d 18h 31m Buy It Now for only: $17.00 |
 WW2 German Original Photo Steel Helmets $1.64 (4 Bids) Time Remaining: 4h 6m |
 WWII GERMAN STEEL HELMET SHELL $79.00 Time Remaining: 13d 1h 42m Buy It Now for only: $79.00 |
 Original WW2 German Army Steel Helmet Complete Camouflaged $947.88 (12 Bids) Time Remaining: 5d 6h 54m |
 WW2 GERMANY GERMAN ARMY STEEL COMBAT HELMET HAT M36 M1936 M 1936 STAHLHELM+STAMP $24.99 Time Remaining: 3d 2h 35m |
 WWII German M40 helmet field gray replica steel decal $60.00 Time Remaining: 15d 22h 40m Buy It Now for only: $60.00 |
 German WWI Steel Helmet Soldier Rifle Photo $7.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 3d 4h 56m |
 German WWI belt hook steel $6.00 Time Remaining: 29d 5h 33m Buy It Now for only: $6.00 |
 GERMAN scope HUBERTUS 4X steel tube Schmidt Bender $172.00 Time Remaining: 6d 14h 2m |
 WWII German M40 helmet luftwaffe blue replc steel decal $60.00 Time Remaining: 9d 17h 59m Buy It Now for only: $60.00 |
 Original WWII German M42 Tropical Camo Steel Helmet $1,200.00 Time Remaining: 1d 9h 10m Buy It Now for only: $2,000.00 |
 German WWII dagger scabbard screws steel I $12.00 Time Remaining: 18d 4h 59m Buy It Now for only: $12.00 |
 German Army WW1 M 16 M 1916 STAHLHELM Steel Combat Helmet Stormtrooper RARE $199.99 Time Remaining: 4d 9h 9m |
 German WWI Storm Troop Soldiers Steel Helmet Photo $7.00 Time Remaining: 3d 5h 20m |
 WWII GERMAN MILITARY BLACK M35 STEEL HELMET $77.79 Time Remaining: 28d 23h 56m Buy It Now for only: $77.79 |
 WWII WW2 GERMAN STEEL HELMET WITH ORIGINAL LINER AND CHIN STRAP $359.99 Time Remaining: 23h Buy It Now for only: $399.99 |
 German helmet chinstrap steel buckle RB Nr II $17.00 Time Remaining: 6d 7h 37m Buy It Now for only: $17.00 |
 WW2 German M35 Steel Helmet Field Gray Best Replica $39.99 Time Remaining: 1d 6h 7m |
 WWII German equipment D ring steel $5.00 Time Remaining: 15d 7h 44m Buy It Now for only: $5.00 |
 WW1 GERMAN FRANKENSTEIN STEEL HELMET WITH RIM BULLET SHRAPNEL BATTLE DAMAGE $121.25 (2 Bids) Time Remaining: 5d 19h 20m |
 German belt hook steel III $6.00 Time Remaining: 28d 5h 45m Buy It Now for only: $6.00 |
 GERMAN PUMA BAYONET SOLINGEN STEEL SS OFFICERS BAYONET GOOD COLLECTORS PEICE $275.00 Time Remaining: 1d 4h 25m Buy It Now for only: $325.00 |
 WWII GERMAN MILITARY GREEN M35 STEEL HELMET $61.00 Time Remaining: 5d 25m Buy It Now for only: $61.00 |
 WW2 German Soldiers with Steel Helmets Original Photo $1.98 Time Remaining: 5h 14m |
 WW1 German Soldier Steel Spoon $1.99 Time Remaining: 3d 6h 30m |
 WWII GERMAN MILITARY M35 STEEL HELMET BLACK $63.00 Time Remaining: 29d 10h 38m Buy It Now for only: $63.00 |
 WW2 German Original Photo Steel Helmets Line Up $1.56 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 4h 1m |
 German WWII M35 Steel Helmet Aged Summer Camouflage with Wire $179.95 Time Remaining: 9d 6h 15m Buy It Now for only: $179.95 |
 Complete OLD GERMAN 26mm steel scope mount $79.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 5d 14h 11m |
 Stahlhelm book German Steel Helmet M16 WWI WWII WW2 $22.95 Time Remaining: 2d 3h 15m Buy It Now for only: $22.95 |
 Collectilbes WWII German M35 Steel Black Helmet Replica $39.99 Time Remaining: 3d 6h |
 WW2 or POST M 2 GERMAN ARMY BLACK STEEL HELMET Rolled Edge Stamped Vents Unlined $247.77 Time Remaining: 29d 27m Buy It Now for only: $247.77 |
 WW2 German MG 34 Steel Tipped Bakelite Butt mg34 mg42 Wehrmacht $200.00 (12 Bids) Time Remaining: 7d 10h 1m |
 orig GERMAN WW2 officer boots to hat or steel helmet $220.00 Time Remaining: 4d 6h 56m |
 Authentic Gray East German Surplus Steel Helmet ARMY Cold War Era w Camo Net $48.99 Time Remaining: 18d 4h 45m Buy It Now for only: $48.99 |
 Original East German Cold War History Steel Helmet Mint $20.00 Time Remaining: 4d 4h 1m |
 German WWI M 1916 1st Model Steel Helmet Reproduction $89.95 Time Remaining: 16d 9h 41m Buy It Now for only: $89.95 |
 Old GERMAN scope Hensoldt ZIELJAGD 4X steel $115.00 Time Remaining: 8d 13h 51m |
 German belt hook tropical DAK steel $6.00 Time Remaining: 26d 4h 39m Buy It Now for only: $6.00 |
 German WWI Steel Helmet Parade Kaiser Photo $5.00 Time Remaining: 3d 4h 53m |
 WW2 German Soldier and Steel Helmet 5 x 7 Photo $5.75 Time Remaining: 29d 3h 5m Buy It Now for only: $5.75 |
 Collectabler WW2 German M35 Steel Helmet Field Gray $39.99 Time Remaining: 5d 6h 8m |
 WWII GERMAN TYPE BULGARIAN STEEL COMBAT HELMET M36 $19.90 Time Remaining: 9d 6h 7m Buy It Now for only: $19.90 |
 VERY RARE and OLD GERMAN 22mm STEEL scope mount $99.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 7d 13h 51m |
 German 4pc Stainless Steel Utensil Set $7.00 Time Remaining: 4d 2h 34m |
 Collectilbes WW2 German M35 Steel Black Helmet Replica $50.00 Time Remaining: 26d 18h 16m Buy It Now for only: $50.00 |
 WWII GERMAN PARA HELMET M38 STEEL SPANNER BOLTS NUTS G 150 $14.95 Time Remaining: 6d 5h 50m |
 WWII GERMAN PARATROOP HELMET M38 STEEL SPANNER BOLTS $14.99 Time Remaining: 18d 9h 44m Buy It Now for only: $14.99 |
 Original German Photo White Camo steel Helmets NICE $2.99 Time Remaining: 3d 10h 36m |
 WWII GERMAN TYPE STEEL HELMET M36 WITH BULGARIAN DECAL $24.90 Time Remaining: 9d 6h 8m Buy It Now for only: $24.90 |
 WWII GERMAN TYPE BULGARIAN STEEL COMBAT HELMET M36 $19.99 Time Remaining: 6d 1h 18m |
 WWII GERMAN MILITARY M35 STEEL HELMET GREEN $59.99 Time Remaining: 29d 17h 37m Buy It Now for only: $59.99 |
 BLACKWW2 GERMAN NCOELITE M35 HELMET MATTE STEEL $59.77 Time Remaining: 6d 10h 55m |
 ORIGINAL PERIOD GERMAN WW2 PHOTO LUFTWAFFE SALUTE STEEL HELMET AWARD $1.56 Time Remaining: 5d 4h 54m |
 German WWII Minen Steel Sign $29.95 Time Remaining: 28d 1h 1m Buy It Now for only: $29.95 |
 ORIGINAL PERIOD GERMAN WW2 PHOTO LUFTWAFFE SALUTE STEEL HELMETS AWARDS $1.56 Time Remaining: 5d 4h 51m |
 WWII GERMAN TYPE STEEL HELMET M36 WITH BULGARIAN DECAL $29.00 Time Remaining: 9d 6h 8m Buy It Now for only: $29.00 |
 WW2 German Soldier with steel helmet Original Big Studio Phototest UF light $7.00 Time Remaining: 2d 15h 39m |
 WWII GERMAN TYPE STEEL HELMET M36 WITH BULGARIAN DECAL $34.90 Time Remaining: 10d 22h 39m Buy It Now for only: $34.90 |
 Collectable WW2 German M35 Strong Steel Motorcycle Helmet Army Green $39.99 Time Remaining: 16h 27m |
 Used Military Surplus East German Steel Helmet $39.00 Time Remaining: 24d 4h 51m Buy It Now for only: $39.00 |
 GERMAN scope SORNET 4 x 36 steel Schmidt Bender $101.00 Time Remaining: 9d 14h 1m |
German Steel
Charcoal and the General Steel Making Process
When one thinks of charcoal, we normally think of the most important historical use of wood charcoal; as the main ingredient in gunpowder. However, it was of major importance in metallurgical operations as a reducing agent, primarily in the manufacture of steel. The most common use in the modern era for charcoal is as a fuel source, but still has industrial application. The Charcoal Hearth Process was vitally important in the early industrial steel age.
Charcoal Hearth Processes were sometimes, but rarely, called forge processes, and bustling and buzzing are very obsolete terms. These processes are designed for the production of wrought iron (charcoal iron), usually by refining cast iron, occasionally by melting scrap before a tuyere with charcoal for fuel, the product being obtained in a pasty condition, and containing a certain amount of slag, but less than puddled iron. Only the latter method survived the early 20th century in this country.
In general the furnaces or hearths are like the Catalan and bloomary hearths for reducing iron from the ore, low, rectangular chambers, sometimes roofed, and with one or more tuyeres. The chief difference is that in refining cast iron much more strongly oxidizing conditions are brought about, chiefly by melting the metal down in drops before the tuyere, repeatedly, if need be, so that it passes in a state of minute subdivision and with great surface exposure through a part of the hearth where the atmospheric oxygen is in excess; and by the action of the basic ferruginous slag with which the metal is mixed during the earlier stages, and with which it is covered during the later stages, to ward off the strongly carburizing tendency of the charcoal.
Only a good quality of pig iron (nearly always charcoal pig) is used, as the process is expensive, and is employed only for a high grade of wrought iron. The pig iron is often given a preliminary refining to eliminate most of the silicon. The hearths are usually built of unlined cast-iron plates, at least in part water-cooled. Brick-work is avoided as the silica would enter the slag. The processes may be classified according to the number of times the metal is melted down before the tuyere, into single melting, double melting, and triple melting (or German or breaking up); into Walloon and non-Walloon.
The hearth may be covered or uncovered; if the latter it is called an open fire or open hearth; if the former, a closes hearth. The bloom, after rolling, is called finer's bar (cor- responding to muck bar in puddling), and after piling and rerolling, finished charcoal bar. German general steel (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpYo-Jyiqa4) is an obsolete name for the product obtained by melting white or refined pig in a charcoal hearth; it may also be made of poorer quality. In the Bohemian process, mottled or even gray pig is used, and the blooms are reheated in the same hearth. Charcoal is first charged, and on top of this some slag and the pig which is melted down slowly, the iron cake which is formed being frequently raised up. The cinder is tapped at intervals. Finally the bloom is welded to the end of a rod and taken to the hammer; any particles of iron that remain in the hearth are retreated.
The use of charcoal in steel making rapidly diminished with the introduction of coke, anthracite smalls, etc. for industrial processes.
About the Author
Sarah E. Martin is a freelance marketing writer based out of San Diego, CA. She specializes in industrial business, manufacturing, construction, and
general steel
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I use a stainless steel choke collar on my white dog - why does it leave his fur discolored - it's not rusted
I have a white German Shepard dog and he wears a stainless steel choke collar. For some reason, the fur all around the ruff of his neck has discolored to a kind of reddish dirty color. The collar is not rusted and appears normal. I just can't figure this out. He was so pretty and white a month ago before he wore the collar on a daily basis. The collar is quite loose also.
The collar may not be stainless - zinc-coated collars will mark up a white dog. You should never leave a chain choke collar on a dog if you're not walking him on a leash. He can get it caught on something and hang himself. I once saw a photo taken by the ASPCA showing a dog that caught his collar on the bolt that holds the toilet bowl down. Dogs can get collars caught on the shift lever in a car, a nail head sticking out of a fence, and a thousand other things.
Use a rolled nylon buckle collar for him to wear on a daily basis and to hold his tags.
Knife review: Lion Steel Daghetta and classic "German style" backlock: Italian design and quality