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Navy Aircraft
Aircraft Carriers - The Future
An increasing number of countries see aircraft carriers as viable platforms for projecting national power - there are currently nine countries which have carriers in at operational status: Brazil, France, India, Italy, Russia, Spain, Thailand, United Kingdom and the United States. Surprisingly, China does not yet formally have a carrier in service, though this is expected to change in the near future. The worldwide total number of operational aircraft carriers is now twenty two, with half of that fleet being in US service. Eight nations have new carriers in the concept, design, bought/refurbishing or new build stages. Spain has been successful selling its 'Principe de Asturias' design to several countries, and China, Japan and India are developing a carrier build capability - in China's case, even a nuclear powered carrier. VTOL (vertical take off and landing) aircraft - the UK Harrier derivatives are used for example by India, Spain and Italy, has enabled these countries to project credible carrier power. The US F35D carrier variant - a STVOL configuration - can only 'grow the market' amongst 'western' nations.
Many see the aircraft carrier as a keystone of political influence, in spite of the vast concentration of power and investment (both political and financial) in what is a highly visible and, arguably vulnerable target.
Russia currently has one operational aircraft carrier at present and is an interesting exception. The country extends for almost 12 time zones - nearly halfway around the world . With a fleet of advanced land-based aircraft and effective missile arsenal, it can project its power without the need for a large carrier fleet, at least in the northern hemisphere.
What is an Aircraft Carrier?
A floating, mobile airbase, though not capable of handling large transport planes such as those used for in-flight refuelling. This definition is generally taken to include any vessel capable of handling fixed wing fighter aircraft, of which there are several types. For these purposes, we exclude pure helicopter carriers, as even cargo ships can carry these as was the case in the Falklands War.
Types of Aircraft Carrier
Supercarrier: these are typically greater than 50,000 tons loaded displacement, usually nuclear powered, and able to handle fast jets
Fleet Carrier: mid size typically 20,000 tons upward, not nuclear powered, maybe even diesel powered, the 'typical' size in a country's fleet.
Light Aircraft Carrier: smaller than the fleet carrier, though this definition is vague.
As can be seen, this way of classifying navy aircraft carriers is dependent on a country's fleet configuration. Some might well describe the carrier Charles de Gaulle as a supercarrier - steam catapults, nuclear powered, but is it really a supercarrier when compared to, say, US aircraft carriers such as the US Nimitz Class, of nearly 100,000 tons displacement and typically carrying well over 100 fixed wing aircraft?
Carrier Configurations
CATOBAR : catapult launching of fixed wing aircraft but arrested recovery.
STOBAR: Short take off but arrested recovery. Typically, these have been using the UK Sea Harrier VTOL aircraft in STOVL mode using a 'ski jump' launch.
STOVL: Short take off and vertical landing. As with STOBAR, but vertical landing i.e. without arrester gear. Less attractive on account of the additional fuel load (equals less armament load) required for the landing phase, and flight deck damage problems due to its down directed exhaust jet whilst landing.
Entry Barriers to the Aircraft Carrier Club
These include:
Constitutional bars, such as Japan, Germany and (until recently) Italy, following their World War 2 aggression have constitutional prohibitions on ships which launch fixed wing aircraft.
Operational Capability Development takes a lot of investment and political commitment. Used carriers and infrastructure requirements can be bought or hired. A new branch of naval operations has to be set up. This is not trivialA major task - training establishments have to be set up and operated, replenishment, repair and logistics operations have to be established, for example, and even a whole career structure for officers and ratings.
A navy must develop its tactical and strategic policies to effectively present and operate its carriers in line with its national strategic objectives in a coherent whole that is credible to other nations.
Even the basics - establishing the 24 x 7 operational tempo of running a carrier have to be developed, implemented and rehearsed endlessly if the deployment of a carrier force is to be credible - launching at night in bad weather, crew rescue procedures, anti-submarine measures, aerial defence, coordinated carrier protection - the list is extensive. Some navies cooperate in this respect.
Aircraft Carriers - The Future
The future of the carrier is assured. New generation STOVL aircraft, and the emergence of India and China into the serious carrier club (with Pakistan also likely to join during this century) means that before the mid 21st century, the carrier arms race will be accelerating.
Britain is building bigger carriers - the Queen Elizabeth Class supercarrier. These new UK aircraft carriers will be almost three times the size of their previous generation; decommissioned carriers are increasingly being bought by smaller nations, so the operational worldwide tonnage is bound to increase - average annual new build tonnage is higher than scrappage; the US is building a new generation - The Gerald R Ford Class. Countries which have an operational aircraft carrier never willingly give up that capability.
Electromagnetic launch systems - simpler, lighter, more powerful than old-tech steam catapults are being designed. These will be able to launch unmanned aircraft at G forces which human pilots could not survive. Aerial operations flown by unmanned planes flown remotely by carrier-based (or even land-based) jocks via secure data link - an extension and broadening of existing Predator operations into dogfighting.
New carrier-busting missiles such as the Chinese Dong Feng 21D (NATO CSS 5 Mod-4) will lead to accelerated defensive technology developments.
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How close can an unidentified aircraft get to a US Navy ship?
Does the US Navy have a particular radius established as a no-fly zone for unknown or potentially hostile aircraft? If so, and the buffer zone is breached, do they attempt to intercept and identify it, or are the allowed to just destroy it?
Also, is there a ceiling to their airspace? In other words, are commercial airliners ignored, or do they track everything at any altitude that overflies them?
First all commercial aircraft fly commercial route and these are know to US military vessels. The most all aircraft carry transponders that identify them as to what they are. Any aircraft closing on a US naval vessel will be warned and asked to identify itself and state it's intent.
After that, it all depends on what the navy ship is. An aircraft carrier is much more a high value target and when running flight ops they can reach out and identify at a rather long range. The E-4 will verbally direct a perceived threat to turn away and the Hornets will make shure they do. As the naval vessels get smaller they will be limited on there weapons range as at what range they can force an aircraft to turn or be shoot down.
Navy Tests Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)